Exist Dates
1933 - present
Biographical or Historical Note
- abstract
- Permanent exhibition. Opened May 2, 1933. Located on Floor 1, Section 10. The Irma and Paul Milstein Family Hall of Ocean
Life at the American Museum of Natural History highlights the undersea world and its diverse and complex web of life in an
immersive marine-like environment (1, 1933, p. 16; 2). The hall has undergone two major renovations. The first renovation,
1962-1969, completely overhauled the look and feel of the hall, introduced the Museum's world-famous blue whale model, and
reopened on February 26, 1969 (1, 1968/69, p. 3). The second renovation, 2002-2003, refurbished the whale and other exhibits,
brought them up-to-date with current scientific research, and added audiovisual enhancements, and reopened on May 17, 2003
(1, 2001/03 p. 7). Expeditions that contributed to the hall included the Bahamian Coral Reef Expedition (1923), Phipps Bahamian
Expedition (1926), Stoll-McCracken Expedition to the Siberian-Arctic Expedition (1928), Miner-Olsen Expedition to the West
Indies (1933), and Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933-1934) (1, 1926, p. 9; 3, 1939, p. 111; 1, 1935, p. 15). The hall's
original curators included Roy Chapman Andrews, Roy W. Miner, Bashford Dean, Harold Anthony, Hubert Lyman Clark, Charles Breder,
and Dorothy Bliss (1, 1921, p. 29; 1, 1940, p. 11; 1, 1958/59, p. 22; 1, 1927, p. 17). Curators Richard Van Gelder and Charles
Breder led the first renovation in 1962-1969 (4, 2000, p. 28-29). The 2002-2003 renovation was conducted by an interdisciplinary
team of curators led by Melanie Stiassny, and included Mark Siddall, Paula M. Mikkelsen, Neil H. Landman, and Robert S. Voss.
The hall reopened on May 17, 2003 as the Irma and Paul Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life in honor of the renovation's major
donors (5, 2001, p. 50; 1, 2001/03 p. 7, 25-26). Original artists included Roy W. Miner, Chris E. Olsen, Bruce C. Brunner,
W.H. Southwick, George H. Childs, Hermann O. Mueller, Francis Lee Jaques, and Joseph Guerry (1, 1935, p. 10; 1, 1940, p. 11).
Artists and members of the Exhibition Department who worked on the 1962-1969 renovation were Raymond de Lucia, Matthew Kalmenoff,
Lyle Barton, and Gordon Reekie (1, 1966/67 p. 72; 6, 2006, p. 169). Artists, project managers, and members of the Exhibition
Department who contributed to the 2002-2003 renovation included David Harvey, Melissa Posen, Stephen C. Quinn, Dina Langis,
Harriet Urgang, Sean Murtha, Alan Walker, Jack Cesareo, Joyce Cloughy, Tory Ferraro, Nicholas Frankfurt, Aimee Keefer, Karl
Matsuda, David Melton, Vivian Stillwell, Mike Tomeo, Laura Friedman, Timothy Nissen, Cleo Villet, Perry Gargano, David Kaplan,
Tom Doncourt, David McConack, Richard Weber, Lindsay Foehrenbach, Sarah Chen, Judith Levinson, and Felicity Campbell (6, 2006,
p. 29, 169). Major donors have included Arthus Curtiss James, Junius S. Morgan, George S. Bowdoin, and Irma and Paul Milstein
(1, 1911, p. 20; 1, 1920, p. 30).
The Whale Court or Court of Ocean Life first appears in the Museum's 1911 Annual Report with plans for it to adjoin the Halls
of Fishes and Biology (Darwin Hall) (1, 1911, p. 20; 1, 1916, p. 23). Early plans for the first Hall of Ocean Life included
a diving model of a humpback whale, but it never came to fruition (1, 1928, p. 27-28). The Hall of Mammals contained a "misplaced
whale", a model of a sulphur-bottom (blue) whale constructed by Roy Chapman Andrews in 1907, but it was too large to move
to the new Hall of Ocean Life (4, 2000, p. 26). Planning was interrupted by World War I (1, 1919, p. 18), but began again
in 1922 (AR 1923 p. 26) opening to the public on May 2, 1933 (GG 1933 p. 35). Original exhibits in the Hall of Ocean Life
included hanging models of a killer whale, blackfish, giant squid, dolphins, and porpoises; skeletons of a sperm whale, finback
whale, right whale, California gray whale, and narwhal; mural paintings of American whaling scenes by John Prentiss Benson;
and the Museum's collection of shells, formerly displayed in the Shell Hall, on the mezzanine level. The lower level showcases
habitat dioramas including the Coral Reef Group (completed in 1935), Elephant Seal Group, Fur Seal Group, Sea Lion Group,
and Florida Manatee Group, and a shell of the giant clam, Tridacna, was on view at the hall's entrance. Charles Lindbergh's
plane was also on exhibit at this time (3, 1928, p. 44; 3, 1935, p. 32-35) and in 1933-1934, the Bathysphere was on special
exhibit in the hall (1, 1934, p. 9).
Prior to the first major renovation, several notable additions were made in the Hall of Ocean Life. The Pearl Divers Group
opened on June 10, 1941 (1, 1941, p. 11), the Pacific Walrus Group was completed by 1939, and murals by Francis Lee Jaques
surrounding the Coral Reef and Pearl Divers dioramas, were completed by 1943 (3, 1939, p. 111; 3, 1943, p. 61-63). In 1952
habitat groups from the Darwin Hall which included the Salt Marsh Group, Sound-Bottom Group, Wharf Pile Group, Pond Life Group,
Rock Pool Group, and Eelgrass Group (Woods Hole), as well as glass models of invertebrates by Hermann Mueller were moved to
the Hall of Ocean Life (3, 1953, p. 75-82).
The Hall of Ocean Life and the Hall of Fishes closed for renovation in May 1962. The invertebrate exhibits in Ocean Life were
to move into the space occupied as the Hall of Fishes, and the Hall of Ocean Life was completely remodeled. These new and
reimagined exhibitions were part of the Museum's ten-year program to update and create new halls (1, 1961/62, p. 55).
Before its renovation, the Hall of Ocean Life was one of the less visited halls in the Museum. It was sparsely stocked and
often closed when there was a shortage of heat or electricity. In order to reinvigorate the hall, the Museum decided on a
whale centerpiece. Curators Richard Van Gelder and Charles Breder and Gordon Reekie of the Exhibition Department were tasked
with creating a striking blue whale model without hanging it from strings (4, 2000, p. 27). Suspending such a sculpture from
the ceiling without strings seemed an impossible feat before Lyle Barton from the Exhibition Department came up with the idea
to bolt the whale to the ceiling (4, 2000, p. 28-29). The fiberglass model is based off of a female blue whale found in 1925
near the southern tip of South America; it weighs 21,000 pounds and is 94 feet long (7).
In addition to the now iconic blue whale, the new hall, which opened on February 26, 1969 (1, 1968/69, p. 3), featured a new
habitat group, the Sperm Whale and Giant Squid (6, 2006, p. 169) and an exhibition of the Biology of Fishes, which included
a large diorama depicting marine biota along the coast of Newfoundland on the gallery level (1, 1969/70 p. 27; 1, 1965/66).
In 2002-2003, the Hall of Ocean Life underwent its second major renovation. The original plans for the renovation included
an actual aquarium with schools of model fish floating above, which was ultimately not installed (8, 2000). The hall was updated
to reflect current scientific research and concepts, the lines of the original Beaux Arts architecture were restored, fourteen
classic dioramas were renovated and eight more added, hands-on and interactive displays, videos, and ocean soundscapes were
installed, and the blue whale was repainted and modified to reflect current scientific knowledge. Mini-dioramas of the Ordovician,
Permian, and Cretaceous seas, originally displayed in the John Lindsley Hall of Earth History, were added to the mezzanine
level. The hall reopened on May 17, 2003 as the Irma and Paul Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life in honor of the major donors
to the renovation (5, 2001, p. 50; 1, 2001/03 p. 7, 25-26).
Featured dioramas include:
Andros Coral Reef
Common Dolphin and Tuna
Diving Birds
Elephant Seal
Harbor Seal
Northern Sea Lion
Pearl Divers
Sargasso Sea
Polar Bear
Sea Otter
Sperm Whale and Giant Squid
Tiger Shark and Loggerhead Sea Turtle
Walrus
West Indian Manatee (9; 6, 2006, p. 169)
Sources
(1) American Museum of Natural History. Annual Reports. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1911-2001/03.
(2) American Museum of Natural History. "Milstein Hall of Ocean Life", July 7, 2017, http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent-exhibitions/biodiversity-and-environmental-halls/milstein-hall-of-ocean-life.
(3) American Museum of Natural History. General Guide [to the Exhibition Halls of] the American Museum of Natural History.
New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1928-1953.
(4) Wallace, Joseph. Gathering of Wonders: Behind the Scenes at the American Museum of Natural History. New York: Griffin
Books St Martin; New York: American Museum of Natural History, 2000.
(5) American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History: The Official Guide. New York: American Museum
of Natural History, 2001.
(6) Quinn, Stephen C. Windows on Nature: The Great Habitat Dioramas of the American Museum of Natural History. New York: Abrams;
New York: American Museum of Natural History, 2006.
(7) American Museum of Natural History. "The Giant Blue Whale Model", July 7, 2017, http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent-exhibitions/biodiversity-and-environmental-halls/milstein-hall-of-ocean-life/the-giant-blue-whale-model.
(8) Dunlap, David W. "Everything but Ahab: Ocean Hall Will Be Remade From the Whale Down CITY Museum Rethinks Ocean Hall From
the Whale Down," New York Times, December 7, 2000.
(9) Irma and Paul Milstein Hall of Ocean Life. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY. July 3, 2017.
(10) American Museum of Natural History Research Library. "Bahamian Coral Reef Expedition" accessed August 23, 2017, http://data.library.amnh.org:8082/orbeon/xeac/id/amnhc_2000188
(11) American Museum of Natural History Research Library. "Miner-Olsen Expedition to West Indies " accessed August 23, 2017,
http://data.library.amnh.org:8082/orbeon/xeac/id/amnhc_2000311
Information for the hall appears in the following Museum publications:
American Museum of Natural History Annual Reports for years: 1911 (page 20); 1913 (page 31); 1916 (page 22); 1919 (page 18,
25); 1920 (page 19, 30,52); 1921 (page 29); 1922 (page 32, 68); 1923 (page 25, 26); 1924 (page 54); 1925 (page 18, 42, 123);
1926 (page 9, 143); 1927 (page 17, 32); 1928 (page 27); 1929 (page xix, 9); 1930 (page 38, 41); 1931 (page 6, 44); 1932 (page
62, 120); 1933 (page 16, 58); 1934 (page 9, 76); 1935 (page 10, 15); 1936 (page 10); 1937 (page 5); 1938 (page 8); 1939 (page
7); 1940 (page 11); 1941 (page 11); 1944 (page 4); 1948 (page [12]); 1951 (page 32); 1954 (page 49); 1957 (page 12); 1958
(page 5, 22); 1959 (page 11); 1960 (page 41); 1961 (page 4, 34, 55); 1962 (page 39); 1963 (page 70); 1964 (page 4); 1965 (page
4, 5); 1966 (page 44, 72); 1967 (page 39, 44); 1968 (page 3); 1969 (page 27, 39); 1970 (page 3); 1971 (page 9, 36); 1973 (page
24); 1974 (page 7, 30); 1975 (page 4); 1976 (page 8); 1977 (page 20); 1978 (page 6); 1978 (page 4, 7); 1981 (page 6); 1982
(page 56); 1983 (page 2, 62 1984 (page 1); 1985 (page 67); 1986 (page 14); 1987 (page 5, 57); 1988 (page 56); 1989 (page 63);
1990 (page 18, 43); 1991 (page 6); 1992 (page 9); 1993 (page 11); 1994 (page 12); 1996 (page 12); 2000 (page 10); 2001 (page
7, 41); 2002 (page 25); 2006 (page 29); 2007 (page 26); 2009 (page 42); 2010 (page 44)
American Museum of Natural History General Guides for years: 1926 (page 38); 1927 (page 37); 1928 (page 43); 1930 (page 43);
1931 (page 32); 1932 (page 32); 1933 (page 32); 1934 (page 32); 1935 (page 32); 1936 (page 32); 1939 (page 16, 108); 1943
(page 16, 116); 1945 (page 16, 116); 1947 (page 16, 62, 113); 1949 (page 62, 113); 1953 (page Floor plans, 23, 146); 1956
(page 26, 151); 1958 (page 26, 153); 1962 (page 12, 20, 42); 1965 (page 4)
American Museum of Natural History: An Introduction 1972, page 6, 7, 58, 85.
American Museum of Natural History Official Guides for years: 1984 (page 15, 17, 24); 1993 (page 10, 50); 2001 (Table of Contents,
60)
Terms
- place
- New York
AMNH: Floor 1, Section 10.